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Healy E, Jordan SA, Budd PS, Suffolk R, Rees JL, Jackson IJ (2001) Functional variation of MC1R alleles from red-haired individuals. Gross JB, Borowsky R, Tabin CJ (2009) A novel role for Mc1r in the parallel evolution of depigmentation in independent populations of the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus. Garcia-Borron JC, Sanchez-Laorden BL, Jimenez-Cervantes C (2005) Melanocortin-1 receptor structure and functional regulation. Pigment Cell Res 13:300–319įukamachi S, Shimada A, Shima A (2001) Mutations in the gene encoding B, a novel transporter protein, reduce melanin content in medaka. Evolution 34:76–91įujii R (2000) The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:1763–1782Įndler JA (1980) Natural selection on color patterns in Poecilia reticulata. Evolution 63:2750–2757Įlmer K, Kusche H, Lehtonen T, Meyer A (2010) Local variation and parallel evolution: morphological and genetic diversity across a species complex of Neotropical crater lake cichlid fishes. Cell Tissue Res 253:9–14Įlmer KR, Lehtonen TK, Meyer A (2009) Color assortative mating contributes to sympatric divergence of neotropical cichlid fish. BMC Evol Biol 7:74ĭickman MC, Schliwa M, Barlow GW (1988) Melanophore death and disappearance produces color metamorphosis in the polychromatic Midas cichlid ( Cichlasoma citrinellum). Nat Rev Genet 5:456–465īraasch I, Schartl M, Volff JN (2007) Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish. Nature 439:719–723īoffelli D, Nobrega MA, Rubin EM (2004) Comparative genomics at the vertebrate extremes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2:49–59īarluenga M, Meyer A (2004) The Midas cichlid species complex: incipient sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan cichlid fishes? Mol Ecol 13:2061–2076īarluenga M, Stölting KN, Salzburger W, Muschick M, Meyer A (2006) Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. No polymorphisms were found between in the population sample and Mc1r showed no linkage to the gold phenotype in the mapping cross, demonstrating that it is not causally related to the color polymorphism in the Midas cichlid.īarlow GW, Rogers W, Cappeto RV (1977) Incompatibility and assortative mating in Midas cichlid. The identification of the CNEs regions allowed the comparison of sequences from gold and dark specimens of natural populations. Comparative analysis revealed conserved synteny in relation to the majority of teleosts and highlighted several previously unidentified conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) in the upstream and downstream regions in the vicinity of Mc1r. Given its widespread association in color evolution and role on melanin synthesis, the Mc1r locus was further investigated using sequences derived from a genomic library.

Mc1r was found to be up regulated in the gold morph. We compared the expression levels of several candidate color genes Mc1r, Ednrb1, Slc45a2, and Tfap1a between the color morphs. This suggests that a simple genetic architecture underlies some of the speciation events in the Midas cichlids. The segregation patterns observed in a mapping cross between a gold and a dark individual were consistent with a single dominant gene as a cause of the gold phenotype. We investigated the color polymorphism using segregation analysis and a candidate gene approach. The color morphs mate assortatively and sympatric population differentiation has been shown based on neutral molecular data. Most individuals are dark and the remaining have a gold coloration. Natural populations of the Midas cichlid species in several different crater lakes in Nicaragua exhibit a conspicuous color polymorphism.

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